Featured vegetable oils contain unique fatty acids and bioactive compounds that are highly beneficial to human health. Developing and utilizing characteristic vegetable oils can not only meet consumer demand but also promote the high-end development of vegetable oils in China. The aqueous enzymatic method, as an efficient technique for extracting vegetable oils and proteins, has advantages including simple process, environmental friendliness, and high quality of extracted vegetable oils and proteins. This article introduced the nutritional components of characteristic vegetable oil materials, and then comprehensively reviewed the principles, process characteristics, process conditions, and quality of vegetable oils and proteins obtained by the aqueous enzymatic method. Finally, it had provided an outlook on the development of aqueous enzymatic extraction of characteristic vegetable oils, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the application and development of this method.