Food security is a matter of great importance for the nation. The high-quality development of the grain industry is the key to maintaining national food security, and new quality productivity is an important driving force for achieving high-quality development of the grain industry. This article has systematically reviews the existing research on agricultural new quality productivity. It aimed to analyze the formation mechanism of new quality productive forces from a theoretical perspective, and defined the basic connotation of new quality productive forces in the food industry. It explained the typical characteristics of new quality productivity in the grain industry from three levels: high technology, high efficiency, and high quality. From a practical perspective, this article pointed out the current challenges faced by the development of new quality productivity in China's grain industry, including insufficient technological level, severe resource and environmental constraints, prominent quality and safety issues, and a shortage of professional and technical talents. Corresponding suggestions of implementation paths have been proposed, including strengthening technological innovation and application, optimizing various resource allocation, strengthening quality and safety supervision, and emphasizing talent cultivation and introduction, to promote the sustainable, healthy, and high-quality development of the grain industry.