As a high-quality peptide source with rich sources, natural environmental protection and none side effects，high Fischer ratio oligopeptides widely exist in natural animals and plants.High Fischer ratio oligopeptides have a variety of biological activities, such as anti-fatigue, anti-oxidation, sobering up, adjuvant treatment of liver disease and phenylketonuria. Because of its high content of branched chain amino acids, high Fischer ratio oligopeptides can improve the imbalance between branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids in patients with liver disease, and play an important role in the adjuvant treatment of chronic liver disease and its complications. This paper mainly reviews the raw materials, preparation, separation and purification methods, liver protection efficacy and action mechanism of food-derived high Fischer ratio oligopeptides, focusing on the introduction of several raw material proteins including plant protein, aquatic product protein and milk derived protein in animal protein, two preparation methods including enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation, several separation and purification methods including membrane separation, activated carbon adsorption and chromatographic separation, and the liver protection effect of high Fischer ratio oligopeptides and three ways to play the role of liver protection. This review is trying to provide a theoretical reference for the future development and application of food-derived high Fischer ratio oligopeptides in the field of food and medicine.