Food nutrition security is an important part of national food security. Based on the survey data of National Consumers’ grain (rice noodles) consumption behavior from 2015 to 2021, this paper empirically analyzed the grain consumption preference of Chinese residents, and put forward policy suggestions to improve the level of food nutrition security in China. The research showed that consumers' awareness of food nutrition demand had increased, but their cognitive depth was not enough, and their consumption concept needed to be upgraded; The current consumption preference of residents might lead to the reduction of nutritional intake of their own staple food and affect their health, resulting in the national physical quality lagging behind other countries in the world; At the same time, the main body of grain supply under the guidance of market, especially grain processing enterprises, would over process grain based on consumer preferences, resulting in the waste of grain quantity and nutritional loss, affecting grain industry and national food security. Based on this, the study put forward policy suggestions to realize China's grain nutrition security and promote the high-quality development of grain industry from the aspects of grain science popularization, technological innovation and macro-control guidance.