Cyperuse sculentus is originated from Africa and Mediterranean coast，and it is a kind of multi-purpose economic crop of oil, grain, feed and fertilizer, with high nutritional value and economic value. Cyperuse sculentus is considered as "the king of oil crops" due to its large yield and high oil ratio since its oil production is much higher than other oil crops under the same planted area. The unsaturated fatty acid of cyperuse sculentus oil accounts for more than 73% of the total fatty acid and mainly ingredient is oleic acid and linoleic acid. Therefore, it has high nutritional value and health function. In recent years, scholars have invented some new oil extraction technology such as aqueous enzymatic extraction, ultrasonic assisted extraction and microbial fermentation besides traditional oil extraction technology. The characteristics of cyperuse sculentus, as well as fatty acid composition and the processing technology of cyperuse sculentus oil, is reviewed and summarized so as to provide reference for the further study of cyperuse sculentus oil.