To screen foodborne odor materials suitable for trapping and early monitoring of stored-product insect larvae, third-instar larvae of Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Ephestia elutella, Lasioderma serricorne, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis were selected as test insects. A two-way trap-choice bioassay was conducted to evaluate the relative attractiveness of seven candidate materials, including sesame oil, grape seed oil, rapeseed oil, peanut oil, cooked soybean oil, chili powder and distiller’s yeast, and their combined formulations. Ternary blend-ratio optimization and an L27(313) orthogonal array design were further applied to construct multi-species applicable blends. The results showed that the cumulative attraction rates differed among the six larval species in response to different materials. Distiller’s yeast showed relatively stable attraction to larvae of T. castaneum, T. confusum, C. ferrugineus and O. surinamensis, with 8 h attraction rates of 60.0%, 56.7%, 56.7% and 60.0%, respectively. Peanut oil exhibited relatively strong attractiveness to E. elutella larvae, whereas chili powder showed clear species selectivity toward L. serricorne larvae. Combined treatments generally exhibited stronger attractive performance than single materials. Species-targeted ternary blends mixed at a ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 achieved 8 h attraction rates of 66.0%–69.3%. Increasing the proportion of the dominant component to 2 : 1 : 1 generally improved attraction, with 8 h attraction rates of 71.3%-76.7%. Orthogonal optimization identified a multi-species blend of distiller’s yeast : peanut oil : sesame oil : rapeseed oil : grape seed oil = 5 : 4 : 4 : 2 : 2, which showed attraction activity to all six larval species, with 8 h attraction rates of 64.7%-74.0%. The attraction efficacy of this blend for larvae of T. castaneum, T. confusum and O. surinamensis was close to that of their corresponding species-targeted optimized blends, while it was lower than that of the species-targeted blends for E. elutella, L. serricorne and C. ferrugineus. These results provide a reference for the development of multi-species larval monitoring lures and the optimization of early monitoring technologies for stored-product pests.