This study aimed to investigate a green and efficient methods for the preparation of cellulose from wheat bran. Using wheat bran as the raw material and traditional inorganic acid treatment as a control, the effect of p-toluenesulfonic acid methods, formic acid, and lactic acid method on the preparation of cellulose were evaluated through orthogonal experiments, with yield and purity as assessment indicators. The prepared cellulose samples were characterized in terms of water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling force, microstructure, thermal stability, structural properties, and crystallinity. The results illustrated that compared with the traditional inorganic acid method, the formic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid methods produced cellulose with higher purity, though with a slightly reduced yield. The water-holding and oil-holding capacities of all four types of wheat bran cellulose were superior to those of the raw wheat bran. Among them, the cellulose prepared with formic acid exhibited the highest water-holding capacities, reaching 11.46 g/g and 5.56 g/g, respectively. Additionally, the formic acid method resulted in cellulose with the highest crystallinity (68.01%), the highest thermal degradation temperature (314.06 ℃), and the best thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy results revealed that the acid-treated cellulose exhibited an irregular rod-shaped morphology, with partial removal of heicellulose and lignin. In summary, under the conditions of 90 ℃, 1 h, and 70% formic acid concentration, the wheat bran cellulose demonstrated superior properties and structure compared to traditional methods. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of wheat bran cellulose by organic acids.