The processing stage plays a key role in connecting upstream and downstream in the industrial chain, and reducing food processing losses is crucial for ensuring food security. Based on field survey data from Anhui and Hubei provinces, this study provides an in-depth analysis of the current processing losses and the potential for loss reduction. The study indicates that rice processing enterprises are oriented to consumer demand, leading to excessive processing behaviors such as multiple whitening and polishing stages. However, improvements in processing equipment and streamlining of processing steps could increase the yield. To address the practical challenges faced in rice processing, it is essential to reduce processing losses by guiding consumer attitudes, promoting moderate processing practices, and upgrading processing equipment. Additionally, efforts should focus on developing deep processing techniques and enhancing the comprehensive utilization of by-products, in order to fully tap into the potential for loss reduction in rice processing and strengthen the foundation of national food security.