Food reserves are the “reservoir” and "regulator" for maintaining national food security. Considering multiple factors comprehensively such as the different degrees of self-sufficiency in grain production and population density, this paper selects three countries, namely the United States, Japan, and India, as cases to systematically sort out and compare the management experience and practices of governments in the reserve system, functional positioning, and collaborative mechanism of grain reserves, and summarized the characteristics of government grain reserve management in various countries, which can guide market expectations, stabilize domestic markets. Therefore, it is of great significance to enhance the ability and resilience of reserves to respond to major risks and challenges. To further clarify the logical relationship between various types of government grain reserves in China, and continuously improve the collaborative mechanism of government grain reserve management, this provides valuable optimization ideas for reference.