With the liberalization of food trade and the development of the specialized division in global agriculture, global food production and consumption space are separated, and the food system of each country is increasingly dependent on the global food system. However, global food security faces unprecedented challenges due to multiple factors, such as anti-globalization, COVID-19, and climate change. This paper briefly summarized the changing trend of global food supply and demand and its impact on Chinese food security under the existing food security governance system, and elaborated the characteristics and difficulties of the current global food governance system from five aspects: food security connotation, global food supply and demand structure, international trade, governance pattern, and governance institutions. The study found that the existing food security governance system, led by developed countries, had problems such as unbalanced global food distribution, fragile supply chains, deficient governance, inadequate multilateral harmonized system, and lagging reform. To build a fairer, open and inclusive global food security governance system and strengthen the foundation of Chinese food security, it breaks the current governance deadlock and lead the reform of the global food security governance system by strengthening international agricultural cooperation, reforming the food trade system, increasing the participation of developing countries, giving full play to the driving role of digital technology, and stressing the coordination advantages of regional food security governance systems.