米糠油的营养与应用综述

Riantong Singanusong1, Jorg J. Jacoby2

(1. 泰国那黎宣大学 农业自然资源与环境学院 农业工业部,泰国 彭世洛府 65000;2. 丰益(上海)生物技术研发中心有限公司,上海 200137)

摘 要:米糠油或稻米油从很多方面来看都是一种健康植物油。与其他植物油相比,米糠油具有均衡的脂肪酸,拥有较高含量且独特的微量成分、微量营养素或不皂化物。目前研究表明,米糠油中的谷维素含量超过1.5%,提供了营养和药物功能。更多的研究在开展中来证明米糠油多方面的广泛功能。米糠油富含植物甾醇,有许多研究关注其营养应用价值。此外,米糠油含有生育酚和生育三烯酚,尤其后者具有许多特殊功能,如预防乳腺癌等。越来越多地营养学或生物学研究证明,当米糠油适当加工后在食品中使用时,具有特殊功能。因此,在学术研究和产业实践中,都在探索米糠油在食品和制药领域的应用。对米糠油的营养应用进展做简要综述。

关键词:米糠油;谷维素;植物甾醇;生育三烯酚;食品应用;制药应用

大约100 年前,米糠油在印度和日本是一种受欢迎的食用油。如今,它在中国、泰国、越南、韩国和尼泊尔等其它亚洲国家迅速获得认可。在这些国家,米糠油被视作“健康油”,得到了世界各地多个组织的支持,包括世界卫生组织(WHO)、中国粮油学会(CCOA)、印度国家营养研究所(NIN)和日本油脂化学家协会(JOCS)。

米糠油的营养价值来自脂肪酸组成以及油中所含的植物化学物质,主要归因于平衡脂肪酸组成,其中包含约22%的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、41%单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和37%多不饱和脂肪酸 (PUFA),符合上述机构推荐的脂肪酸比例。饱和脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸组成,有少量硬脂酸和肉豆蔻酸。单不饱和脂肪酸主要是油酸,多不饱和脂肪酸主要以ω-6 族的亚油酸为代表,但是米糠油中ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸量少,只有亚麻酸[1]

除了拥有良好的脂肪酸比例,米糠油的不皂化物中包含几种被认为对人体健康有益的植物化学物质。γ-谷维素是一种独特而重要的微量营养素,在物理精炼米糠油中约占1.5%。最初,γ-谷维素被认为是一种单一的物质,后来发现它是几种三萜醇和植物甾醇类阿魏酸酯的混合物[2]

同样重要的是维生素E 衍生物生育酚和生育三烯酚。不同于其他植物油,米糠油中的生育三烯酚含量(大约0.07%)比生育酚含量更高(大约0.04%)。事实上,在食用油里,米糠油的生育三烯酚含量仅次于棕榈油。其他有价值的微量营养素还有未结合的植物甾醇,如γ-谷甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇和角鲨烯。

1 米糠油对健康的益处

许多动物试验和人体试验都探索了米糠油的潜在健康功效,研究最多的主题之一是米糠油对脂质代谢的影响。已经开展了几个临床对照试验,最近的一项meta 分析包含11 个临床对照试验,该分析发现米糠油的摄入能够将低密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低6.91 mg/dl,总胆固醇降低12.65 mg/dl[3]。甘油三酯水平也降低了,但是没有显著性差异。

另一方面,在饮食中加入米糠油对高密度脂蛋白胆固醇没有益处。研究认为是米糠油的脂肪酸组成在降血脂上起了重要作用。但这仅是一部分情况,利用非人类灵长类动物和人类的临床研究表明,与具有相似脂肪酸组成的油混合油相比,米糠油降低胆固醇的效果更明显[4-5],研究者们认为米糠油中的植物化学物质也对降低胆固醇有作用。因为已经证明了米糠油中的几种微量营养素与降低胆固醇有关,所以认为植物化学物质对降低胆固醇有作用也并不奇怪。例如,在肠道中,米糠油中丰富的植物甾醇与胆固醇竞争被吸收,因而能降低血液中的胆固醇浓度[6]。另外,生育三烯酚可以通过抑制HMG-CoA 还原酶来降低胆固醇水平,HMG-CoA 还原酶是胆固醇合成的限速酶[7]

除了降低胆固醇,米糠油及其所含的微量营养素还具有许多其他健康功效[7-8]。许多关于γ-谷维素和生育三烯酚的研究表明,这些微量营养素具有抗氧化、神经保护、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗溃疡和免疫调节作用,这些使米糠油成为减轻人体常见疾病的重要膳食手段。尽管这些结果非常有前景且已经研发了机制路径,但大多数研究都是在临床前环境中完成的,还需要更多的研究来进一步揭示饮食中米糠油的好处。

有趣的是,最近的研究表明,生育三烯酚还可能通过阻止衰老细胞的积累而具有抗衰老特性,研究认为衰老细胞的聚集在衰老中起重要作用。提出的机制是通过减少活性氧(ROS)的产生以及抑制雷帕霉素机制性靶标(mTOR)和NF信号通路来延缓衰老,mTOR 和NF 信号通路会导致衰老相关分泌表型(SASP)的分泌,SASP是炎症因子,也可能是诱导衰老细胞选择性死亡的衰老清除剂[9]

总之,米糠油因其良好的脂肪酸组成比例和几种有价值的微量营养素被视为“健康油”。米糠油的降胆固醇作用已得到充分证实,许多其它关于米糠油及其微量营养素的研究也已经证明了各种不同的健康功效,但是,大多数研究都是临床前或初步的,因此,迫切需要精心设计的临床对照试验来进一步证实对人体健康功效。

2 米糠油的食品应用

如上所述,米糠油是最有营养的油之一,且由于其优良的脂肪酸组成以及其具有独特的、丰富的、重要的生物活性植物化学物质和抗氧化剂(如γ-谷维素、生育三烯酚、生育酚、磷脂或卵磷脂、植物甾醇、角鲨烯和阿魏酸),研究证明米糠油对人类健康具有潜在的有益影响。由于这些有价值的化合物及其抗氧化能力,有报道称米糠油具有一些生物活性,如降低低密度脂蛋白水平、降低胆固醇、降血压和预防结直肠癌[10]。此外,米糠油具有良好的平衡的脂肪酸组成,这使其在油炸条件下更稳定,并且比其他植物油的保质期更长[11]。因此,除了传统上用作烹饪油和色拉油之外,米糠油还在营养、制药和化妆品应用领域开辟了新维度[12-13]

在食品应用方面,由于米糠油的高烟点和温和的风味,它适用于制造人造黄油和起酥油[14]。然而,对于起酥油、黄油和人造黄油的生产,通常会在氢化过程中形成反式脂肪酸(TFA)。报道称TFA 会导致血管疾病和癌症,因此操作中采用化学法或酶促酯交换,或者油的混合,来避免氢化过程中TFA 的形成。

混合植物油主要是为了提高它们的热稳定性、氧化稳定性、营养价值并获得所需的特性。商业上米糠油可以与稳定性较差的油进行混合,以延缓油的变质,并增加混合油和油炸产品的稳定性。例如,米糠油、初榨橄榄油和芝麻油与稳定性较差的油混合[15],米糠油与葵花籽油、花生油、芥末油以及棕榈液油混合[16],米糠油与大豆油混合[17]。在这项应用中,必须研究米糠油与其它油的最佳混合比,以满足混合油和油炸产品的物理化学和感官特性。在工业生产人造黄油、黄油、涂抹酱和起酥油的过程中,油包水(W/O)乳液中会使用米糠油。但是,乳液非常不稳定,可以通过用米糠固脂代替30%~45%的米糠油来完全抑制相分离[18]

可以用米糠油生产高质量的乳化填充凝胶(EFG)或脂肪替代品[14],来替代或模拟食品中脂肪的特性。然而,乳滴的体积分数、大小和空间分布、脂肪分布的均匀性以及凝胶基质和乳滴之间的相互作用,很大程度影响着EFG 的流变特性和分解行为[19]。因此,为了获得有效的且具有功能性的 EFG,需要在每种产品中应用适合的条件。

报道称米糠油具有难闻的味道和强烈的气味[20],这可能会限制其应用。通过将米糠油制备为水包油(O/W)乳液,可以改善这些不良特性。就生产而言,乳液更易提供更好的感官特性且成本低,没有油腻的口感、令人不快的味道和气味[21]。很多产品中都应用了米糠油水包油(O/W)乳液,如食品、油漆、化妆品和医药产品,但是因为乳液是热不稳定的系统,所以在生产乳液中必须使用乳化剂,使乳液在特定环境条件下(pH、温度、储存时间)保持稳定。果胶-玉米醇溶蛋白复合物可用于改善水包油(O/W)乳液的物理稳定性,尤其是在含高比例油的配方中[22]

3 米糠油的药物应用

米糠油、米糠油与其它油的混合油或一些具有生物活性的化合物广泛用于制药和医疗。将物理精制的富含γ-谷维素的米糠油与冷压、未精制的、富含抗氧化剂和木脂素的芝麻油以80∶20 的比例混合,可控制高血糖和改善2 型糖尿病患者的血脂状况[23]。通过酶促修饰,将中链脂肪酸如癸酸(C10:0)和辛酸(C8:0)成功加入RBO,以提高RBO 在增加高密度脂蛋白水平方面的健康益处[24]。米糠油和红花油的混合物(7∶3)影响大鼠的血清和肝脏脂质水平[25],并对健康的年轻女性具有显著的降胆固醇作用[26]。研究认为米糠油和葵花籽油混合物(80∶20 比例,谷维素含量达到5 000 ppm)可以维持正常的血脂水平,因此对血脂异常患者和血脂正常人群均有益[27]

从米糠油中可分离出富含生育三烯酚的部分,因米糠油抗氧化功能,对高脂血症大鼠中有降胆固醇作用[28]。富含生育三烯酚的部分抑制了化学诱导的肝癌的发生[29]。米糠油具有抗氧化和抗炎作用[30-32]。有研究报道了含米糠油的药物剂型的开发,用于局部防晒[33]和治疗皮肤病[34]。在这个研究中,将米糠油制成药物剂型,或制成含有充满米糠油的脂质核纳米胶囊的半固体制剂(水凝胶)[35]。主要因为纳米胶囊能够控制药物的释放和提高药物稳定性,所以其适用于治疗系统[36]。纳米封装能提高米糠油对于皮肤因暴露于紫外线受到损伤后的保护性能[35]。报道称,米糠油具有降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗糖尿病[37]和癌症化学预防特性[29],能够预防结肠癌发生[38]。由于植物油的降血脂作用,用米糠油或菜籽油代替葵花籽油可以减轻2 型糖尿病女性的脂质紊乱[39]。从米糠油中成功提取纯化出谷维素[40-41]。从米糠油中分离出的环木菠萝烯醇阿魏酸酯和24-亚甲基环木菠萝烯醇阿魏酸酯具有抗炎活性[42],在抗肿瘤活性[43]、对MCF-7 人乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性[44]以及抑制纯化的人类免疫缺陷病毒1 型逆转录酶[45]等方面表现出更大的效力。

4 结语

综上所述,从脂肪酸组成和微量营养素几个方面来看,米糠油具有很高的营养价值和功能价值。这种油含有很多谷维素、植物甾醇和生育酚,这是非常罕见的。这些都为米糠油的营养食物应用和药用价值提供了可能性。除了营养性,米糠油因其稳定性、油炸食品中的感官特性等,在油炸食品中性能良好。市场上也有米糠油或其制剂加工的医药产品。米糠油是一种独特的天然油脂,有待进一步探索其更广泛的应用。

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Nutrition and Applications of Rice Bran Oil Overview

Riantong Singanusong1, Jorg J. Jacoby2
(1. Department of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment,Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, THAILAND;2. Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China)

Abstract: Rice bran oil is a healthy oil from many aspects. The oil has a balanced fatty acid profile comparing with many other vegetable oils. The key difference is the minor components or micronutrients or unsaponifiable matters contained in the oil that are very special and in larger percentages. The oil contains more than 1.5% oryzanol that gives nutritional and pharmaceutical functions from the studies so far. More studies are needed to demonstrate the wide functions in many aspects. The oil also contains large percentage of phytosterols which received huge amount of studies for nutritional applications. Furthermore, the oil contains tocopherols and tocotrienols, in which for the later particularly it gives many special functions including prevention of breast cancers for example. When the oil is properly processed and used in foods,those functions are more and more demonstrated in nutritional or biological studies. Thus the oil in food and pharmaceutical applications is in exploring both in academic studies and industrial practice. In this work, an overview of such progress is given.

Key words: rice bran oil; oryzano; phytosterol; tocotrienol; food applications; pharmaceutical applications

中图分类号:TS201.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-7561(2021)05-0021-05

网络首发时间:2021-08-25 18:47:51

网络首发地址:https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3863.ts.20210824.1254.008.html

DOI: 10.16210/j.cnki.1007-7561.2021.05.003

Riantong Singanusong, Jorg J. Jacoby. 米糠油的营养与应用综述[J]. 粮油食品科技, 2021, 29(5): 21-25.RIANTONG S, JORG J J. Nutrition and applications of rice bran oil overview[J]. Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, 2021,29(5): 21-25.

收稿日期:2021-06-19

作者简介:Riantong Singanusong,女,1971 年出生,博士,助理教授,研究方向为食品化学分析,粮油产品加工与研发。E-mail:riantongs@nu.ac.th. 作者详细介绍见本期“米糠:一种潜在的食用资源”特约专栏介绍PC9,本文英文原文详见P26-P29。

(组稿/审核:徐学兵 英译中:祁潇哲)