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日本寒冷地带北海道的优良食味稻米栽培技术研究(译文)
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Study on cultivation techniques of good taste rice in cold region of Hokkaido in Japan (Translated text)
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    北海道是日本最北部的水稻栽培地区,在当地气候寒冷、环境多变的条件下,为能生产优良食味的稻米,研发出一系列降低直链淀粉和精米蛋白质含量的技术。影响直链淀粉含量的主要因素在于水稻品种,但水稻成熟期的气温越高,其含量也会随之降低,因此可通过提前插秧、选取叶龄较大稻秧等方式来加速水稻的抽穗。关于蛋白质含量,参考氮肥施用标准,分析20个不同栽培区域的气候条件以及5种土壤类型,在以往水稻产量基础上计算出标准产量,将蛋白质含量的目标值定为7.0%以下。可采取各类技术手段,比如:调整施肥量,分析上年秋季与当年雪融后的降水量与气温得出土壤干燥程度,并根据土壤干燥度及有机肥使用量相应减少氮肥量;避免追肥、泥炭土的客土、增加硅酸肥料也是有效措施;可通过培育壮秧,在适宜时机提前移栽、密植、浅插、侧条施肥,以及为保证移栽后水温的夜间或早晨灌水、增加强风地区的防风设备等技术,达到加快水稻早期生长的目的;为避免出现空秕谷,可在幼穗形成期到孕穗期阶段增加稻田水深;在灌浆期需要注意放水时机,始终保证水田土壤保持适宜水分状态;水稻收割后,将秸秆堆肥化处理,最有利于提高产量和降低蛋白,如要直接翻耕入田,也应选在秋季而非春季。

    Abstract:

    In the northernmost Japan, Hokkaido, where with cold climate and changeable environment, to product good taste rice, the cultivation techniques for reducing amylose content and protein content were developed. Although amylose content is affected by cultivated rice varieties largely, early planting and seedling with large leaf stage are used in order to increase temperature during grain filling period by hastening heading date, since during mature period, the amylose content decreases along with the increase of temperature. About protein content, referring to the standard rate of nitrogen fertilizer application, analyzing the climate in 20 cultivation areas and in each 5 soil types, the standard grain yield is figured out based on previous grain yield and the target value of protein content is decided as below 7.0%. Amount of available nitrogen in soil, magnitude of air drying effect on ammonification, amount and duration of organic matter application are used to adjust that application rate. No top dressing, application of soil dressing in peat land and application of silicate fertilizer are needed. In order to increase initial growth, transplant ahead of time, close planting, shallow seedling, side dressing, and irrigating in the night or early morning to keep lower water temperature, wind break net and so on are used. The depth of water in the field can be increased during irrigation from panicle forming stage to booting stage in order to prevent occurrence of male sterility by cool weather. During grain filling period draining residual water at the proper time and after that retaining proper soil water are needed. Using rice straw after harvesting, compost is the best for high grain yield and low protein content and plowing-in is better in autumn than that in spring.

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丹野 久.日本寒冷地带北海道的优良食味稻米栽培技术研究(译文)[J].粮油食品科技,2019,27(6):10-17.

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  • 在线发布日期: 2019-11-28
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